Abstract: Objective To discuss the association between the polymorphism of transforming growth factor- β1(TGF-β1) C-509T and digestive tract cancer risk. Methods We performed a comprehensive search using the databases of PubMed and Embase. The last query was updated on December 31st, 2014. The casecontrol studies of TGF-β1 C-509T polymorphism and the digestive tract cancer susceptibility had been collected. Meta-analysis was conducted using Review Manage version 5.1 and Stata version 12.0 software. Results For TGF-β1 C-509T (20 studies, including 5230 cases and 6755 controls), no significant digestive tract cancer risk was found in the overall analysis. In population subgroup analysis, C-509T polymorphism was associated with decreased digestive tract cancer risk in Asian populationTT/CC:OR=0.74, 95%CI: 0.58-0.95; CT/CC:OR=0.71, 95%CI: 0.54-0.93; TC+CC/TT:OR=0.73, 95%CI: 0.56-0.94; T-allele/C-allele: OR=0.85, 95%CI: 0.73-0.97, but not in Caucasian. In cancer type subgroup analysis, there was no significant risk of colorectal cancer, gastric cancer and other cancers. Conclusion TGF-β1 C-509T polymorphism could decrease the risk of digestive tract cancer in Asian population.