文章信息
- 张志强,王卫东. 2015.
- ZHANG Zhiqiang, WANG Weidong. 2015.
- 肿瘤放射治疗中MnSOD的生物学效应及治疗作用研究进展
- Progress of Biological and Therapeutic Effect of Manganese Superoxide Dismutase in Tumor Radiotherapy
- 肿瘤防治研究, 2015, 42(08): 839-842
- Cancer Research on Prevention and Treatment, 2015, 42(08): 839-842
- http://www.zlfzyj.com/CN/10.3971/j.issn.1000-8578.2015.08.019
-
文章历史
- 收稿日期:2014-12-03
- 修回日期:2015-02-05
2. 610041 成都,四川省肿瘤医院放疗中心
2. Department of Radiation Oncology,Sichuan Cancer Hospital,Chengdu 610041,China
放射治疗是肿瘤综合治疗的重要组分,大约有50%的肿瘤患者在治疗中接受放射治疗[1]。放射治疗主要通过造成靶细胞的DNA损伤来发挥治疗作用。DNA的损伤可由放射直接引起,也可通过间接产生活性氧引起。活性氧参与癌症发生,并且在细胞有丝分裂和肿瘤发生过程中起到信号分子的作用,活性氧产生过多将对正常机体的组织结构和功能产生损害。锰超氧化物歧化酶(manganese superoxide dismutase,MnSOD)属于酶性抗氧化剂,保护细胞免于活性氧的损害,是超氧化物歧化酶家族重要的一员[2],近年来发现其在肿瘤细胞发生、发展和辐射防护、肿瘤放疗增敏方面起着重要的作用。
1 MnSOD在肿瘤中的生物学效应MnSOD是一个高度调节的超氧化物歧化酶,参与调节多种不同的细胞进程,如组织的能量代谢、细胞周期调控、增殖、细胞凋亡等[3],并在维持线粒体的完整性上发挥重要作用,其含量下降可通过损害氧化磷酸化导致三磷酸腺苷(ATP)产生减少。癌细胞的线粒体存在缺陷,并且多数肿瘤在进展期间表现为瓦氏效应,即氧浓度处于生理状态下,肿瘤细胞也主要通过糖酵解而非氧化磷酸化来产生ATP;MnSOD活性和葡萄糖消耗量成负相关,提示MnSOD可能在瓦氏效应中发挥主要的调节作用[4, 5]。
肿瘤中MnSOD的水平较低时可促进肿瘤的增长,而表达增高时在体内和体外都有抑制细胞增殖的作用。MnSOD在过表达的时候,能抑制癌症的很多种典型特征,包括增高的增长率、侵袭性、锚定非依赖性细胞增长[6]等;有学者在皮肤癌诱发模型中发现,MnSOD过表达可以降低致瘤性,它通过调节p53和AP-1的功能起到抑制肿瘤发生的作用[7]。MnSOD还起到肿瘤抑制因子的作用,能抑制细胞增殖和促进肿瘤细胞凋亡,并且能影响某些转录因子,如激活蛋白AP-1、核因子NF-κB、p53的活性[8]。
有研究指出高水平的MnSOD与肿瘤细胞的侵袭性增强有关系[9],并且MnSOD过表达可增加基质金属蛋白酶的表达,进而促进肿瘤细胞的转移。另有研究发现,MnSOD代谢产生的H2O2可以通过激活Snail信号通路和抑制钙黏蛋白的表达来促进肿瘤的侵袭和转移[10]。多发性骨髓瘤细胞中MnSOD的表达增高可以促进白介素6介导的放疗和化疗抵抗,沉默MnSOD的表达可抑制骨髓瘤细胞对放疗的抵抗性[11]。
2 MnSOD在肿瘤中的表达MnSOD在多数肿瘤中的表达是降低的,如乳腺癌、胰腺癌、卵巢癌、食管癌等。亦有研究指出,MnSOD在某些肿瘤包括胃癌、食管癌、肺癌、结直肠癌中表达增高,并且癌细胞中MnSOD水平较高的时候,肿瘤的侵袭性和转移潜能也增高,并且预后较差[12]。
在对肿瘤发展过程中MnSOD的表达和酶活性关系的研究中,发现MnSOD的活性在肝硬化患者中降低,但是MnSOD蛋白含量和活性在肝脏恶性肿瘤中较良性肿瘤增高[13]。在一项小鼠皮肤癌的诱导研究中发现,MnSOD蛋白表达在皮肤癌形成早期较低,但是在晚期则是增高的[14]。上述研究提示,MnSOD在不同的肿瘤以及同一肿瘤的不同发展过程中,其表达特点和作用机制也不尽一致。
3 MnSOD在肿瘤发生、发展中的调控作用MnSOD在肿瘤发生、发展中的调控作用包括在基因转录中和转录后的调节、表观遗传调节以及翻译后调节。MnSOD的基因多态性也与肿瘤的发生有关[15],MnSOD基因多态性在某些肿瘤中促进肿瘤的发生、发展[16, 17],而在其他肿瘤中则与肿瘤发生没有显著性关系[18, 19]。
人MnSOD基因5'和3'侧翼区域的序列分析显示,侧翼区域具有Sp1、Ap1、Ap2和NF-κB多个调控模体的结合位点。细胞中Sp1蛋白的不同水平可通过MnSOD启动子上GC结合模体进行调节;Ap2可作为p53的转录靶点,核内高水平的p53能反向调节MnSOD的基因转录[20]。
基因的表观遗传调节是在不改变DNA序列的情况下对DNA分子进行合适的修饰,从而引起基因表达的改变[21]。MnSOD基因的表观遗传调节包括组蛋白的甲基化、乙酰化和DNA甲基化,可导致遗传不稳定性,进而促进肿瘤的发生[22]。如在乳腺癌中,MnSOD呈高水平表达与H3组蛋白的超乙酰化有关[23]。
MnSOD转录后修饰,包括mRNA稳定性、mRNA加工、mRNA翻译[21]。RNA加工产生的外显子能以多种方式进行连接,编码不同大小蛋白质。这样,一个单拷贝基因可以通过选择性剪接来编码多个蛋白质[24]。
翻译后修饰也在调节MnSOD蛋白功能方面起到重要作用,MnSOD的翻译后修饰,主要包括硝化、磷酸化、乙酰化。有研究显示,MnSOD的122位赖氨酸残基在去乙酰基后能增强酶活性[25],Kim等也确定53位和89位赖氨酸是调节MnSOD酶活性的乙酰化靶点[26]。
4 MnSOD在肿瘤放射治疗中的作用4.1 MnSOD的辐射保护作用MnSOD对正常细胞有辐射保护作用,能降低辐射的毒性作用,提高正常细胞对辐射的抵抗力[27]。静脉应用过表达MnSOD的骨髓间充质干细胞治疗辐射引起的肠损伤小鼠,可以提高小鼠的生存率、降低腹泻发生率和保护小肠结构完整性[28];小鼠静脉应用MnSOD质粒脂质体,可使小鼠存活率显著提高[29, 30];在小鼠食管内给予MnSOD质粒脂质体能降低辐射引起的基因同源重组,起到辐射防护的作用[31]。
4.2 MnSOD的放疗增敏效应早年Zhong等发现大鼠胶质瘤细胞过表达MnSOD时,其辐射敏感度亦显著增加[32],近年有研究发现某重组体MnSOD兼有正常细胞防护和肿瘤细胞放射增敏双重效应[33],MnSOD基因治疗可以显著增加鳞癌的放射敏感度[34],食管癌细胞适度过表达MnSOD可以提高放射敏感度,而高度过表达则降低放射敏感度[35, 36]。上述研究表明,Mn-SOD在肿瘤细胞内的过表达可以明显增强肿瘤的放射敏感度,其机制可能与肿瘤细胞内的MnSOD活性增高导致H2O2含量增高,与辐射处理后产生的活性氧起到协同作用,促进细胞凋亡。
另有研究表明,利用miRNA使鼻咽癌细胞中MnSOD mRNA和蛋白的表达下降,能提高鼻咽癌细胞对辐照处理的敏感度[37];HeLa细胞过表达Mn-SOD能减低辐照后细胞内的活性氧水平,提高细胞的存活率[38]。另有研究发现,MnSOD的表达上调是胰腺癌细胞获得辐射抵抗的机制之一[39]。不同类型的肿瘤细胞内的氧化还原微环境处于不同的状态,对于MnSOD和辐射治疗的反应有所不同,造成不同类型的肿瘤之间实验结果存在差异。
综上所述,MnSOD是人细胞内最重要的抗氧化酶之一,在维持细胞的正常代谢过程、稳定细胞的氧化还原微环境以及肿瘤的发生、发展和临床治疗中都具有重要的作用。鉴于肿瘤的发生机制复杂,受到多种因素的影响,在不同类型的肿瘤、不同的病理过程中MnSOD的表达和干预效果也不尽一致。MnSOD在肿瘤放射治疗时兼有保护正常组织和杀死肿瘤细胞的作用,不仅可以提高肿瘤的放射治疗效果,还能减低放疗对正常组织的损伤,提高肿瘤患者的生存质量;鉴于此,靶向MnSOD的治疗有望在今后的肿瘤放射治疗中有较好的应用前景。随着MnSOD在基础和临床研究中的不断深入,其在肿瘤发生、发展和治疗中的作用机制和特点逐渐被认识,有望成为肿瘤治疗的有效靶点。
[1] | Holley AK,Miao L,St Clair DK,et al.Redox-modulated phenomena and radiation therapy:the central role of superoxide dismutases[J].Antioxid Redox Signal,2014,20(10):1567-89. |
[2] | Borrelli A,Schiattarella A,Bonelli P,et al.The functional role of MnSOD as a biomarker of human diseases and therapeutic potential of a new isoform of a human recombinant MnSOD[J].Biomed Res Int,2014,2014:476789. |
[3] | Sun G,Wang Y,Hu W,et al.Effects of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) expression on regulation of esophageal cancer cell growth and apoptosis in vitro and in nude mice[J].Tumor Biol,2013,34(3):1409-19. |
[4] | Sarsour EH,Kalen AL,Goswami PC.Manganese superoxide dismutase regulates a redox cycle within the cell cycle[J].Antioxid Redox Signal,2014,20(10):1618-27. |
[5] | Sarsour EH,Kalen AL,Xiao Z,et al.Manganese superoxide dismutase regulates a metabolic switch during the mammalian cell cycle[J].Cancer Res,2012,72(15):3807-16. |
[6] | Robbins D,Wittwer JA,Codarin S,et al.Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 is downregulated during early skin tumorigenesis which can be inhibited by overexpression of manganese superoxide dismutase[J].Cancer Sci,2012,103(8):1429-33. |
[7] | Holley AK,Dhar SK,Xu Y,et al.Manganese superoxide dismutase:beyond life and death[J].Amino Acids,2012,42(1):139-58. |
[8] | Zhao Y,Oberley TD,Chaiswing L,et al.Manganese superoxide dismutase deficiency enhances cell turnover via tumor promoterinduced alterations in AP-1 and p53-mediated pathways in a skin cancer model[J].Oncogene,2002,21(24):3836-46. |
[9] | Kamarajugadda S,Cai Q,Chen H,et al.Manganese superoxide dismutase promotes anoikis resistance and tumor metastasis[J].Cell Death Dis,2013,4:e504. |
[10] | Liu Z H,Li S,Cai Y C,et al.Manganese superoxide dismutase induces migration and invasion of tongue squamous cell carcinoma via H2O2-dependent Snail signaling[J].Free Radic Med,2012,53(1):44-50. |
[11] | Brown CO,Salem K,Wagner BA,et al.Interleukin-6 counteracts therapy-induced cellular oxidative stress in multiple myeloma by up-regulating manganese superoxide dismutase[J].Biochem J,2012,444(3):515-27. |
[12] | Janssen AM,Bosman CB,van Duijn W,et al.Superoxide dismutases in gastric and esophageal cancer and the prognostic impact in gastric cancer[J].Clin Cancer Res,2000,6(8):3183-92. |
[13] | Skrzycki M,Scibior D,Podsiad M,et al.Activity and protein level of CuZnSOD and MnSOD in benign and malignant liver tumors[J].Clin Biochem,2008,41(1-2):91-6. |
[14] | Dhar S K,Tangpong J,Chaiswing L,et al.Manganese superoxide dismutase is a p53-regulated gene that switches cancers between early and advanced stages[J].Cancer Res,2011,71(21):6684-95. |
[15] | Sun GG,Wang YD,Lu YF,et al.Different association of manganese superoxide dismutase gene polymorphisms with risk of prostate,esophageal,and lung cancers:evidence from a Metaanalysis of 20,025 Subjects[J].Asian Pac J Cancer Prev,2013,14(3):1937-43. |
[16] | Eken A,Erdem O,Arsova-Sarafinovska Z,et al.Association between gene polymorphism of manganese superoxide dismutase and prostate cancer risk[J].J Biochem Mol Toxicol,2013,27(3):213-8. |
[17] | Ding G,Liu F,Shen B,et al.The association between polymorphisms in prooxidant or antioxidant enzymes (Myeloperoxidase,SOD2,and CAT) and genes and prostate cancer risk in the Chinese population of Han nationality[J].Clin Genitourin Cancer,2012,10(4):251-5. |
[18] | Attatippaholkun W,Wikainapakul K.Predominant genotypes and alleles of two functional polymorphisms in the manganese superoxide dismutase gene are not associated with Thai cervical or breast cancer[J].Asian Pac J Cancer Prev,2013,14(6):3955-61. |
[19] | Liu G,Sun G,Wang Y,et al.Association between manganese superoxide dismutase gene polymorphism and breast cancer risk:a Meta-analysis of 17,842 subjects[J].Mol Med Rep,2012,6(4):797-804. |
[20] | Li H,Watts GS,Oshiro MM,et al.AP-2alpha and AP-2gamma are transcriptional targets of p53 in human breast carcinoma cells[J].Oncogene,2006,25(39):5405-15. |
[21] | Dhar SK,St Clair DK.Manganese superoxide dismutase regulation and cancer[J].Free Radic Biol Med,2012,52(11-12):2209-22. |
[22] | Cyr AR,Hitchler MJ,Domann FE.Regulation of SOD2 in cancer by histone modifications and CpG methylation:closing the loop between redox biology and epigenetics[J].Antioxid Redox Signal,2013,18(15):1946-55. |
[23] | Ennen M,Minig V,Grandemange S,et al.Regulation of the highbasal expression of the manganese superoxide dismutase gene in aggressive breast cancer cells[J].Free Radic Biol Med,2011,50(12):1771-9. |
[24] | Shao J,Chen L,Marrs B,et al.SOD2 polymorphisms:unmasking the effect of polymorphism on splicing[J].BMC Med Genet,2007,8:7. |
[25] | Tao R,Coleman MC,Pennington JD,et al.Sirt3-mediated deacetylation of evolutionarily conserved lysine 122 regulates MnSOD activity in response to stress[J].Mol Cell,2010,40(6):893-904. |
[26] | Kim HS,Patel K,Muldoon-Jacobs K,et al.SIRT3 is a mitochondria-localized tumor suppressor required for maintenance of mitochondrial integrity and metabolism during stress[J].Cancer Cell,2010,17(1):41-52. |
[27] | Eldridge A,Fan M,Woloschak G,et al.Manganese superoxide dismutase interacts with a large scale of cellular and mitochondrial proteins in low-dose radiation-induced adaptive radioprotection[J].Free Radic Biol Med,2012,53(10):1838-47. |
[28] | Yang C,Chen HX,Zhou Y,et al.Manganese superoxide dismutase gene therapy protects against irradiation-induced intestinal injury[J].Curr Gene Ther,2013,13(5):305-14. |
[29] | Carpenter M,Epperly M W,Agarwal A,et al.Inhalation delivery of manganese superoxide dismutase-plasmid/liposomes protects the murine lung from irradiation damage[J].Gene therapy,2005,12(8):685-93. |
[30] | Carillon J,Rouanet JM,Cristol JP,et al.Superoxide dismutase administration,a potential therapy against oxidative stress related diseases:several routes of supplementation and proposal of an original mechanism of action[J].Pharm Res,2013,30(11):2718-28. |
[31] | Niu Y,Wang H,Wiktor-Brown D,et al.Irradiated esophageal cells are protected from radiation-induced recombination by MnSOD gene therapy[J].Radiat Res,2010,173(4):453-61. |
[32] | Zhong W,Oberley LW,Oberley TD,et al.Inhibition of cell growth and sensitization to oxidative damage by overexpression of manganese superoxide dismutase in rat glioma cells[J].Cell Growth Differ 1996,7(9):1175-86. |
[33] | Borrelli A,Schiattarella A,Mancini R,et al.A recombinant MnSOD is radioprotective for normal cells and radiosensitizing for tumor cells[J].Free Radic Biology Med,2009,46(1):110-6. |
[34] | Epperly MW,Wegner R,Kanai AJ,et al.Effects of MnSODplasmid liposome gene therapy on antioxidant levels in irradiated murine oral cavity orthotopic tumors[J].Radiat Res,2007,167(3):289-97. |
[35] | Sun GG,Hu WN,Wang YD,et al.Bidirectional regulation of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) on the radiosensitivity of esophageal cancer cells[J].Asian Pac J Cancer Prev,2012,13(7):3015-23. |
[36] | Sun GG,Hu WN,Wang YD,et al.Relationship between characteristics of MnSOD expression and radiosensitivity in esophageal cancer cells[J].Ai Bian·Ji Bian·Tu Bian,2012,24(2):100-7.[孙国贵,胡万宁,王雅棣,等.MnSOD表达特性与食管癌细胞放射敏感性的关系[J].癌变·畸变·突变,2012,24(2):100-7.] |
[37] | Qu Y,Zhao S,Hong J,et al.Radiosensitive gene therapy through imRNA expression for silencing manganese superoxide dismutase[J].J Cancer Res Clin Oncol,2010,136(6):953-9. |
[38] | Hosoki A,Yonekura S,Zhao QL,et al.Mitochondria-targeted superoxide dismutase (SOD2) regulates radiation resistance and radiation stress response in HeLa cells[J].J Radiat Res,2012,53(1):58-71. |
[39] | Zhou J,Du Y.Acquisition of resistance of pancreatic cancer cells to 2-methoxyestradiol is associated with the upregulation of manganese superoxide dismutase[J].Mol Cancer Res,2012,10(6):768-77. |