肿瘤防治研究  2015, Vol. 42 Issue (8): 839-842
本刊由国家卫生和计划生育委员会主管,湖北省卫生厅、中国抗癌协会、湖北省肿瘤医院主办。
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文章信息

张志强,王卫东. 2015.
ZHANG Zhiqiang, WANG Weidong. 2015.
肿瘤放射治疗中MnSOD的生物学效应及治疗作用研究进展
Progress of Biological and Therapeutic Effect of Manganese Superoxide Dismutase in Tumor Radiotherapy
肿瘤防治研究, 2015, 42(08): 839-842
Cancer Research on Prevention and Treatment, 2015, 42(08): 839-842
http://www.zlfzyj.com/CN/10.3971/j.issn.1000-8578.2015.08.019

文章历史

收稿日期:2014-12-03
修回日期:2015-02-05
肿瘤放射治疗中MnSOD的生物学效应及治疗作用研究进展
张志强1, 王卫东2     
1. 400014 重庆,重庆医科大学附属儿童医院急诊科;
2. 610041 成都,四川省肿瘤医院放疗中心
摘要:MnSOD是一个定位于线粒体基质中主要的抗氧化酶,在肿瘤的发生、发展和肿瘤放射治疗中的辐射保护、放疗增敏等方面有着重要的作用。调控MnSOD在正常组织和肿瘤组织中的表达有望成为肿瘤临床放射治疗的重要靶点。
关键词锰超氧化物歧化酶     肿瘤     放射治疗    
Progress of Biological and Therapeutic Effect of Manganese Superoxide Dismutase in Tumor Radiotherapy
ZHANG Zhiqiang1, WANG Weidong2     
1. Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China;
2. Department of Radiation Oncology,Sichuan Cancer Hospital,Chengdu 610041,China
Abstract:Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD),which is located in the mitochondrial matrix,is an important antioxidase to eliminate reactive oxygen species within the cells.The regulation of MnSOD expression within normal and tumor tissues would be an important therapeutic target for radiation oncology,since MnSOD plays an important role in oncogenesis,tumor progression,radiation protection,and radiosensitivity.
Key words: Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD)     Tumor     Radiotherapy    
0 引 言

放射治疗是肿瘤综合治疗的重要组分,大约有50%的肿瘤患者在治疗中接受放射治疗[1]。放射治疗主要通过造成靶细胞的DNA损伤来发挥治疗作用。DNA的损伤可由放射直接引起,也可通过间接产生活性氧引起。活性氧参与癌症发生,并且在细胞有丝分裂和肿瘤发生过程中起到信号分子的作用,活性氧产生过多将对正常机体的组织结构和功能产生损害。锰超氧化物歧化酶(manganese superoxide dismutase,MnSOD)属于酶性抗氧化剂,保护细胞免于活性氧的损害,是超氧化物歧化酶家族重要的一员[2],近年来发现其在肿瘤细胞发生、发展和辐射防护、肿瘤放疗增敏方面起着重要的作用。

1 MnSOD在肿瘤中的生物学效应

MnSOD是一个高度调节的超氧化物歧化酶,参与调节多种不同的细胞进程,如组织的能量代谢、细胞周期调控、增殖、细胞凋亡等[3],并在维持线粒体的完整性上发挥重要作用,其含量下降可通过损害氧化磷酸化导致三磷酸腺苷(ATP)产生减少。癌细胞的线粒体存在缺陷,并且多数肿瘤在进展期间表现为瓦氏效应,即氧浓度处于生理状态下,肿瘤细胞也主要通过糖酵解而非氧化磷酸化来产生ATP;MnSOD活性和葡萄糖消耗量成负相关,提示MnSOD可能在瓦氏效应中发挥主要的调节作用[4, 5]

肿瘤中MnSOD的水平较低时可促进肿瘤的增长,而表达增高时在体内和体外都有抑制细胞增殖的作用。MnSOD在过表达的时候,能抑制癌症的很多种典型特征,包括增高的增长率、侵袭性、锚定非依赖性细胞增长[6]等;有学者在皮肤癌诱发模型中发现,MnSOD过表达可以降低致瘤性,它通过调节p53和AP-1的功能起到抑制肿瘤发生的作用[7]。MnSOD还起到肿瘤抑制因子的作用,能抑制细胞增殖和促进肿瘤细胞凋亡,并且能影响某些转录因子,如激活蛋白AP-1、核因子NF-κB、p53的活性[8]

有研究指出高水平的MnSOD与肿瘤细胞的侵袭性增强有关系[9],并且MnSOD过表达可增加基质金属蛋白酶的表达,进而促进肿瘤细胞的转移。另有研究发现,MnSOD代谢产生的H2O2可以通过激活Snail信号通路和抑制钙黏蛋白的表达来促进肿瘤的侵袭和转移[10]。多发性骨髓瘤细胞中MnSOD的表达增高可以促进白介素6介导的放疗和化疗抵抗,沉默MnSOD的表达可抑制骨髓瘤细胞对放疗的抵抗性[11]

2 MnSOD在肿瘤中的表达

MnSOD在多数肿瘤中的表达是降低的,如乳腺癌、胰腺癌、卵巢癌、食管癌等。亦有研究指出,MnSOD在某些肿瘤包括胃癌、食管癌、肺癌、结直肠癌中表达增高,并且癌细胞中MnSOD水平较高的时候,肿瘤的侵袭性和转移潜能也增高,并且预后较差[12]

在对肿瘤发展过程中MnSOD的表达和酶活性关系的研究中,发现MnSOD的活性在肝硬化患者中降低,但是MnSOD蛋白含量和活性在肝脏恶性肿瘤中较良性肿瘤增高[13]。在一项小鼠皮肤癌的诱导研究中发现,MnSOD蛋白表达在皮肤癌形成早期较低,但是在晚期则是增高的[14]。上述研究提示,MnSOD在不同的肿瘤以及同一肿瘤的不同发展过程中,其表达特点和作用机制也不尽一致。

3 MnSOD在肿瘤发生、发展中的调控作用

MnSOD在肿瘤发生、发展中的调控作用包括在基因转录中和转录后的调节、表观遗传调节以及翻译后调节。MnSOD的基因多态性也与肿瘤的发生有关[15],MnSOD基因多态性在某些肿瘤中促进肿瘤的发生、发展[16, 17],而在其他肿瘤中则与肿瘤发生没有显著性关系[18, 19]

人MnSOD基因5'和3'侧翼区域的序列分析显示,侧翼区域具有Sp1、Ap1、Ap2和NF-κB多个调控模体的结合位点。细胞中Sp1蛋白的不同水平可通过MnSOD启动子上GC结合模体进行调节;Ap2可作为p53的转录靶点,核内高水平的p53能反向调节MnSOD的基因转录[20]

基因的表观遗传调节是在不改变DNA序列的情况下对DNA分子进行合适的修饰,从而引起基因表达的改变[21]。MnSOD基因的表观遗传调节包括组蛋白的甲基化、乙酰化和DNA甲基化,可导致遗传不稳定性,进而促进肿瘤的发生[22]。如在乳腺癌中,MnSOD呈高水平表达与H3组蛋白的超乙酰化有关[23]

MnSOD转录后修饰,包括mRNA稳定性、mRNA加工、mRNA翻译[21]。RNA加工产生的外显子能以多种方式进行连接,编码不同大小蛋白质。这样,一个单拷贝基因可以通过选择性剪接来编码多个蛋白质[24]

翻译后修饰也在调节MnSOD蛋白功能方面起到重要作用,MnSOD的翻译后修饰,主要包括硝化、磷酸化、乙酰化。有研究显示,MnSOD的122位赖氨酸残基在去乙酰基后能增强酶活性[25],Kim等也确定53位和89位赖氨酸是调节MnSOD酶活性的乙酰化靶点[26]

4 MnSOD在肿瘤放射治疗中的作用4.1 MnSOD的辐射保护作用

MnSOD对正常细胞有辐射保护作用,能降低辐射的毒性作用,提高正常细胞对辐射的抵抗力[27]。静脉应用过表达MnSOD的骨髓间充质干细胞治疗辐射引起的肠损伤小鼠,可以提高小鼠的生存率、降低腹泻发生率和保护小肠结构完整性[28];小鼠静脉应用MnSOD质粒脂质体,可使小鼠存活率显著提高[29, 30];在小鼠食管内给予MnSOD质粒脂质体能降低辐射引起的基因同源重组,起到辐射防护的作用[31]

4.2 MnSOD的放疗增敏效应

早年Zhong等发现大鼠胶质瘤细胞过表达MnSOD时,其辐射敏感度亦显著增加[32],近年有研究发现某重组体MnSOD兼有正常细胞防护和肿瘤细胞放射增敏双重效应[33],MnSOD基因治疗可以显著增加鳞癌的放射敏感度[34],食管癌细胞适度过表达MnSOD可以提高放射敏感度,而高度过表达则降低放射敏感度[35, 36]。上述研究表明,Mn-SOD在肿瘤细胞内的过表达可以明显增强肿瘤的放射敏感度,其机制可能与肿瘤细胞内的MnSOD活性增高导致H2O2含量增高,与辐射处理后产生的活性氧起到协同作用,促进细胞凋亡。

另有研究表明,利用miRNA使鼻咽癌细胞中MnSOD mRNA和蛋白的表达下降,能提高鼻咽癌细胞对辐照处理的敏感度[37];HeLa细胞过表达Mn-SOD能减低辐照后细胞内的活性氧水平,提高细胞的存活率[38]。另有研究发现,MnSOD的表达上调是胰腺癌细胞获得辐射抵抗的机制之一[39]。不同类型的肿瘤细胞内的氧化还原微环境处于不同的状态,对于MnSOD和辐射治疗的反应有所不同,造成不同类型的肿瘤之间实验结果存在差异。

综上所述,MnSOD是人细胞内最重要的抗氧化酶之一,在维持细胞的正常代谢过程、稳定细胞的氧化还原微环境以及肿瘤的发生、发展和临床治疗中都具有重要的作用。鉴于肿瘤的发生机制复杂,受到多种因素的影响,在不同类型的肿瘤、不同的病理过程中MnSOD的表达和干预效果也不尽一致。MnSOD在肿瘤放射治疗时兼有保护正常组织和杀死肿瘤细胞的作用,不仅可以提高肿瘤的放射治疗效果,还能减低放疗对正常组织的损伤,提高肿瘤患者的生存质量;鉴于此,靶向MnSOD的治疗有望在今后的肿瘤放射治疗中有较好的应用前景。随着MnSOD在基础和临床研究中的不断深入,其在肿瘤发生、发展和治疗中的作用机制和特点逐渐被认识,有望成为肿瘤治疗的有效靶点。

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