Research Progress in Risk Stratification Tools and Prognostic Models for Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer

Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer(NMIBC) is a heterogeneous disease with a high prevalence and recurrence rates. Risk stratification and prognostic models could accurately estimate the risk of recurrence and progression to meet individualized treatment, especially to identify high-risk tumors. Currently, common risk stratification tools and prognostic models include the 2006 European Cancer Research and Treatment Organization (EORTC) risk scale, the Club Urologico Espanol de Tratamiento Oncologico (CUETO) scoring model, the EAU Guideline Risk Category and the AUA Guideline Risk Category. This article reviews the current risk stratification tools and prognostic models for NMIBC, demonstrates their strengths and weaknesses and identifies the most appropriate population for each tool, to guide clinical decision making for NMIBC patients.