Abstract: Objective To study the expression of TPX2 and Aurora A and their significance in squamous cell carcinoma of the esophageal (SCCE). Methods Immunohistochemical staining was used to detect the expressions of TPX2 in 62 cases of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma specimens,31 cases of adjacent atypical hyperplasia epithelium and 62 cases of normal esophageal epithelium.Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis for TPX2 and Aurora A was also performed using tumor tissues from 30 patients with the normal mucos epithelium of esophagus,lesion precancerous and esophageal carcinoma. Results Immunohistochemical study showed that the expression rates of TPX2 protein increased by normal esophageal epithelium specimens adjacent atypical hyperplasia epithelium and turns in carcinoma,which were 4.8%（3/62）,51.6 %（16/31）and 85.5%（53/62）respectively.There was a significant statistic difference among the three groups（P<0.05）.The expression of TPX2 protein was very correlated with the histological grade,infiltrative depth and lymphatic metastasis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (P<0.01).The expression of TPX2 also correlated with lymph node and infiltration.And there was a significant difference between the experimental groups and control group （P<0.01）.The expression rates of Aurora A protein increased by normal esophageal epithelium specimens adjacent atypical hyperplasia epithelium and turns in carcinoma,which were 3.2%（2/62）,45.2%（14/31）,71.0%（44/62）respectively.There was a significant statistic difference among the three groups（P<0.01）.The expression of Aurora A protein was correlated with the histological grade, infiltrative depth and lymphatic metastasis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (P<0.01). Conclusion Expression of TPX2 and Aurora A may be a risk factor of lymph node in esophageal carcinoma.Combined examining of TPX2 and Aurora A can become one of molecular index in the early diagnosis and for the prognostic judgement of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.