Abstract: The pape beiongs to the primary prevention section of the National Eighth Five - year Research Programme of the prevention research programme in areas with the highest cancer incidence rates.The study found that drinking water in chixian county is heavily polluted. The contents of nitrate nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen are higher than national cermissive levels by 20. 60%,50.50% and 33.3% perspectively. The contents of nitrate nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen in Chixian are sighficantly higher than that in Chichen county - an area with very low incidence rate of esophagus cancer in Hebei province. The amount of N - containing fertilizer used in Chixian was higher than that in Chichen. The results indicates that levels of three nitrogen in drinking water correlates both with the amount of N - containing fertilizer used and with the mortality rates of the esophagus cancer.