Abstract: Thymoma, as a highly heterogeneous mediastinal tumor, is undergoing a profound transformation in its diagnosis and treatment paradigm. The current diagnostic and treatment system has evolved from the traditional histopathological classification and clinical staging to a multi-dimensional model that integrates the pathological classification of the World Health Organization (WHO), the Masaoka-Koga and American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) TNM staging, and molecular characteristics (such as GTF2I mutations). Radiomics and artificial intelligence have enhanced the accuracy and reproducibility of diagnosis, while liquid biopsy technology provides a new approach for dynamic monitoring. Surgical procedures are moving towards minimally invasive and precise approaches, and robotic-assisted technology demonstrates significant perioperative advantages. Molecular typing has driven the exploration of targeted therapy and immunotherapy, but it is necessary to be vigilant about related adverse reactions. In the future, the management of thymoma will rely on a multidisciplinary collaboration framework, deeply integrating multi-omics data, artificial intelligence prediction models, and emerging treatment technologies, to achieve truly individualized and precise treatment, ultimately improving the long-term survival and quality of life of patients.