Correlation Between FOXOs Genes Expression and Helicobacter Pylori Infection in Gastric Cancer and Its Clinical Significance
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摘要:目的
探讨转录因子叉头框蛋白O(FOXOs)基因在胃癌组织中的表达及其与幽门螺杆菌(Hp)感染的相关性和临床意义。
方法免疫组织化学法检测41例Hp(−)和29例Hp(+)胃癌患者的癌组织、癌旁组织及30名健康者胃组织中FOXOs(包括FOXO1、FOXO3、FOXO4及FOXO6)基因的表达水平,分析其表达与Hp感染、临床病理特征的相关性,Kaplan-Meier plotter数据库分析其与胃癌患者生存预后的关系。
结果与Hp(−)胃癌组织相比,Hp(+)胃癌组织中FOXO1、FOXO4和FOXO6的表达水平偏高(P<0.05);而 Hp(+)胃癌患者的癌组织中FOXO1、FOXO3和FOXO4表达水平却低于癌旁组织(P<0.05)及正常胃组织(P<0.0001)。FOXOs在胃癌组织中的表达率与胃癌分化程度、浸润深度、淋巴结转移和TNM分期等密切相关(P<0.05)。同时,FOXO1/3与胃癌患者生存预后有关。
结论Hp感染促进胃癌组织中FOXO1/4/6的表达,抑癌基因FOXO1/4的高表达可能是Hp(+)的胃癌患者具有更好预后的原因之一;FOXOs基因广泛参与调控胃癌的疾病进程,这对疾病治疗具有一定价值。
Abstract:ObjectiveTo investigate the expression of transcription factor forkhead box protein O (FOXO) genes in gastric cancer tissues and their correlation and clinical significance with Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection.
MethodsThe expression levels of FOXOs genes (including FOXO1, FOXO3, FOXO4, and FOXO6) were detected by immunohistochemistry in cancer tissues and paracancerous tissues from 41 gastric cancer patients with Hp (−) and 29 gastric cancer patients with Hp (+) , as well as in gastric tissues from 30 healthy individuals. The correlation between FOXOs expression and Hp infection, clinical pathological features was analyzed. The relationship between FOXOs expression and survival prognosis of gastric cancer patients was analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier plotter.
ResultsCompared with those in the Hp(−) gastric cancer tissues, the expression levels of FOXO1, FOXO4, and FOXO6 were higher in the Hp(+) gastric cancer tissues (P<0.05). Meanwhile, the expression levels of FOXO1, FOXO3, and FOXO4 in the Hp(+) gastric cancer tissues were lower than that in the paracancerous tissues (P<0.05) and normal tissues (P<0.0001). The expression of FOXOs in gastric cancer tissues was closely correlated with the degree of differentiation, depth of infiltration, lymph node metastasis, and TNM stage of gastric cancer (P<0.05). Meanwhile, FOXO1/3 was associated with the survival prognosis of patients with gastric cancer.
ConclusionHp infection promotes the expression of FOXO1/4/6 in gastric cancer tissues. The high expression of tumor suppressor genes FOXO1/4 may be one of the reasons for better prognosis in Hp (+) gastric cancer patients. FOXOs genes are widely involved in regulating the disease progression of gastric cancer, which has certain value for disease treatment.
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Key words:
- Gastric cancer /
- FOXOs /
- Hp /
- Clinicopathologic features
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0 引言
前哨淋巴结活检(sentinel lymph node biopsy, SLNB)阴性无须进一步行腋窝淋巴结清扫(axillary lymph node dissection, ALND)已成共识[1-6],但在实际临床工作中,经常遇到SLNB阴性但影像学检查提示或查体触及腋窝淋巴结肿大,不能完全排除前哨淋巴结(axillary lymph node, ALN)转移可能性的情况。而腋窝淋巴结第一平面(axillary lymph node Level Ⅰ,ALN Level Ⅰ)存在低位腋窝淋巴结紧贴SLN,往往被临床视为第二站淋巴结[7]。SLNB结果为阴性但影像学检查提示或查体触及腋窝淋巴结肿大存在临床转移潜在危险[8-11],所以我院部分患者进一步行低位部分腋窝淋巴结清扫(low partial axillary lymph node dissection, LPALND)。本研究通过回顾性分析2012—2018年我院138例影像学检查提示腋窝淋巴结肿大行SLNB的乳腺癌患者临床病理资料,研究SLNB阴性患者发生LPALN转移概率,探讨患者行LPALND的必要性。
1 资料与方法
1.1 病例选择及一般资料
收集内蒙古医科大学附属医院甲状腺乳腺外科2012年1月1日—2018年4月30日行术前彩超引导下穿刺证实为乳腺浸润癌(T1~T2),影像资料提示腋窝淋巴结肿大不完全除外腋窝淋巴结转移可能,行SLNB阴性(≤4枚)、进一步行LPALND的患者临床病理资料。患者均为女性,年龄29~81岁,中位年龄54岁,LPALND淋巴结数目2~9枚,中位数5枚。入组标准参考美国临床肿瘤学会(American Society of Clinical Oncology, ASCO)关于早期乳腺癌患者应用SLNB指南及乳腺癌NCCN指南(2017版)中推荐的乳腺癌SLNB适应证。从符合标准的临床病例中选取SLNB阴性(≤4枚)进一步接受LPALND的患者138例。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 亚甲蓝注射液示踪SLN
参照文献[12]方法,42例术中在SLNB前7~10 min将亚甲蓝注射液(济川药业集团有限公司)注射于患者乳晕区3、6、9及12点位皮内,每处注射剂量约0.1~0.3 ml。
1.2.2 亚甲蓝示踪操作方法
选择胸大肌外侧缘或腋窝做一切开,切开皮肤及皮下组织,由浅入深寻找蓝染的淋巴管,然后沿淋巴管走行解剖追踪至所指向的淋巴结,摘除蓝染淋巴结及周围可疑肿大淋巴结,然后送快速病检。寻找快速病理SLNB1~4枚回报(-)后病例,加做LPALND,上至肋间臂神经左右,内至胸小肌外侧缘,外至背阔肌前缘,将摘除淋巴结继续送快速病理。随后与肿瘤标本行石蜡切片及HE染色检查。
1.2.3 核素示踪SLN
参照文献[13]方法,35例手术前3~18 h由核医学科医师将钼-锝发生器(北京欣科斯达医药科技有限公司,临床研究用)1.0 mCiTC多点注射于患侧乳晕区皮内,2~3 h后行核素显像提供影像学资料。
1.2.4 核素示踪操作方法
选择胸大肌外侧缘或腋窝做一切开,切开皮肤及皮下组织,γ射线探测仪寻找热点淋巴结(放射强度 > 最高SLN放射强度的10%),将γ射线探测仪寻找的热点淋巴结全部切除,然后送快速病检。寻找快速病检SLNB1~4枚回报(-)后的病例,加做LPALND。
核素及亚甲蓝注射液联合示踪SLN61例:如上法先行核素再行亚甲蓝注射。
1.2.6 核素及亚甲蓝联合示踪操作方法
选择胸大肌外侧缘或腋窝做一切开,切开皮肤及皮下组织,由浅入深寻找蓝染的淋巴管,然后沿淋巴管走行解剖追踪至所指向的淋巴结,γ射线探测仪寻找热点淋巴结(放射强度 > 最高SLN放射强度的10%),将γ射线探测仪寻找的热点淋巴结、蓝染淋巴结及周围可疑的肿大淋巴结一并切除,送快速病理检查。寻找快速病理检查SLNB1~4枚回报(-)后病例,加做LPALND。
1.3 统计学方法
运用SPSS19.0进行统计学分析。组间率的比较应用χ2检验或Fisher精确概率法。以P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
138例病例为术前彩超引导下穿刺证实为乳腺浸润癌(T1~T2),影像学资料(彩超、钼靶、核磁)提示或查体触及腋窝淋巴结肿大、行SLNB为阴性并进一步行LPALND患者,按SLNB阴性淋巴结分为1~4枚组。其中SLN1枚者21例,发现LPALN转移1枚者2例;SLN2枚者24例,发现LPALN转移1枚者1例;SLN3枚者53例,发现LPALN转移1枚者1例;SLN4枚者40例,进一步行LPALND,发现LPALN转移0例。2枚组、3枚组分别与4枚组比较,转移概率差异均无统计学意义(P > 0.05),但为降低腋窝转移潜在风险,在不增加腋窝清扫并发症的情况下建议行LPALND,1枚组与4枚组转移概率差异有统计学意义(9.5% vs. 0, P < 0.05),应行LPALND,见表 1。
表 1 SLNB阴性进一步行LPALND阳性发生概率的比较Table 1 Comparison of incidence of further LPALND positive in SLNB-negative patients3 讨论
外科手术被普遍认为是治疗乳腺癌的主要手段。从1882年Halsted首创的根治性乳房切除术到现在的综合治疗,乳腺癌的治疗方式一直在不断演变[14]。而ALN转移是影响乳腺癌预后的重要因素之一,ALND也一度是评价ALN转移状态最准确的方法[15],同时亦是造成上肢水肿、麻木、疼痛、功能障碍等术后并发症的主要原因[16]。但2005年ASCO会议支持SLNB用于大多数临床ALN阴性乳腺癌患者的腋窝分期[17],2009年St.Gallen乳腺癌大会取得共识,将SLNB作为临床ALN阴性患者腋窝处理的金标准[2-3],2010年NCCN指南明确指出临床ALN阴性Ⅰ、Ⅱ期乳腺癌必须行SLNB,而不应对ALN阴性患者施行ALND,以及Giuliano等报道的美国外科医师学会肿瘤学组(American College of Surgeons Oncology Group, ACOSOG)Z0011试验结果显示,SLNB组和ALND组患者局部复发率和总生存率上没有差异,但SLNB组患者术后上肢并发症的发生率显著低于ALND组[18],2010年NSABP B-32试验结果证实:SLN阴性的患者无须行ALND,SLNB可以提供精确的腋窝淋巴结分期,是一种安全有效的治疗方法[1],且研究证明SLNB组患者术后上肢并发症的发生率显著低于ALND组[19-22]。时至今日,SLNB已广泛应用在全球的乳腺癌综合治疗当中[4-6]。临床上行SLNB结果为阴性但仍存在临床转移的潜在危险,因此对我院部分患者进一步行LPALND,但腋窝清扫范围越大,上肢水肿等并发症发生概率越高,据Robinson等[23]报道,清扫Ⅰ、Ⅰ+Ⅱ和Ⅰ+Ⅱ+Ⅲ站ALN,上肢水肿的发生率分别为:2.8%、2.2%~9.4%和4.8%~9.4%。本研究通过回顾性分析我院138例术前彩超引导下穿刺证实为乳腺浸润癌(T1~T2),影像学检查或查体提示腋窝淋巴结肿大、行SLNB阴性(≤4枚)并进一步行LPALND患者的数据,通过分析发现,2枚组、3枚组分别与4枚组比较,发生LPALN转移概率差异无统计学意义,但为降低腋窝转移潜在风险,在不增加腋窝清扫并发症的情况下建议行LPALND,1枚组与4枚组比较发生LPALN转移概率差异有统计学意义,应行LPALND。然而SLNB仅检出1枚的原因,经总结分析归纳如下三条:(1)患者本身SLN数目较少;(2)多因素导致病理科医师SLN检出率低;(3)与外科医师活检技巧、方式有关。作为一项兼具诊断和治疗意义的微创活检技术,SLNB代表着乳腺癌外科治疗的发展水平,已成为乳腺癌外科治疗的重要手段之一。影像学检查如钼靶及超声应用广泛,特别是超声检查,其无创性和可重复性,临床上已作为乳腺常规检查项目,但影像学检查始终只能作为临床工作的参考,最终决定下一步治疗方式还需通过其他检查。因此本研究为广大乳腺外科临床工作者提供部分参考,对于初步开展SLNB的基层医疗单位具有指导意义。但本研究入组患者病例数相对较少,试验缺乏强有力的数据支持,有待进一步完善。未来建议国家开放全国大数据资源,为临床研究提供更好的资源。
Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.利益冲突声明:所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。作者贡献:文俊凇:试验实施、结果分析、论文撰写与修改张效泽:试验实施、结果分析彭 强:试验标本收集刘宝玉:数据收集与整理朱耀东:研究设计、主持并指导研究 -
表 1 FOXOs与胃癌临床病理特征的关系
Table 1 Relationship between FOXOs and clinicopathologic features of gastric cancer patients
Clinical characteristics n FOXO1 χ2 P FOXO3 χ2 P FOXO4 χ2 P FOXO6 χ2 P + − + − + − + − Gender 0.549 0.459 0.172 0.678 3.603 0.058 0.206 0.650 Male 36 18 18 27 9 24 12 21 15 Female 34 20 14 24 10 15 19 18 16 Age (years) 0.007 0.934 0.050 0.822 0.379 0.538 1.747 0.186 <55 31 17 14 23 8 16 15 20 11 ≥55 39 21 18 28 11 23 16 19 20 Tumor size (cm) 2.053 0.152 0.001 0.973 0.059 0.809 0.066 0.789 <5 26 17 9 20 6 14 12 15 11 ≥5 44 21 23 34 10 25 19 24 20 Tumor growth site 0.002 0.967 0.266 0.606 0.446 0.504 1.588 0.208 Antrum 37 20 17 26 11 22 15 18 19 Non-antrum 33 18 15 25 8 17 16 21 12 Tumor differentiation 6.077 0.014 4.578 0.032 8.493 0.004 7.930 0.005 Moderate+well 16 12 4 15 1 14 2 4 12 Poor 54 26 28 36 18 25 29 35 19 Serosal invasion 5.557 0.010 7.065 0.008 14.68 <0.001 6.346 0.012 No 29 21 8 26 3 24 5 11 18 Yes 41 17 24 25 16 15 26 28 13 Lymph node metastasis 3.018 0.003 6,534 0.011 11.29 0.001 4.911 0.027 No 24 19 5 22 2 20 4 9 15 Yes 46 19 27 29 17 19 27 30 16 TNM stage 10.64 0.001 10.43 0.001 17.51 <0.001 7.504 0.006 Ⅰ+Ⅱ 20 17 3 20 0 19 1 6 14 Ⅲ+Ⅳ 50 21 29 31 19 20 30 33 17 表 2 FOXOs在胃癌组织中的表达(n (%))
Table 2 Expression of FOXOs in gastric cancer tissues (n (%))
FOXOs Groups χ2 P Hp(+)(n=29) Hp(−)(n=41) FOXO1(+) 20(69.0) 18(43.9) 4.299 0.038 FOXO3(+) 22(75.9) 29(70.7) 0.226 0.634 FOXO4(+) 23(79.3) 16(39.0) 11.170 0.0008 FOXO6(+) 22(75.9) 17(41.5) 8.146 0.0043 表 3 影响胃癌患者预后的Cox单因素及多因素分析
Table 3 Univariate and multivariate Cox analyses of factors affecting the prognosis of patients with gastric cancer
Variable Univariate analysis Multivariate analysis HR(95%CI) P HR(95%CI) P FOXO1 (+ vs. −) 0.566 (0.395-0.737) <0.05 0.136 (0.021-0.887) <0.05 FOXO3 (+ vs. −) 0.266 (0.083-0.848) <0.05 0.132 (0.055-0.320) <0.05 FOXO4 (+ vs. −) 0.317 (0.115-0.869) <0.05 0.217 (0.069-0.683) <0.05 FOXO6 (+ vs. −) 0.250 (0.028-2.219) >0.05 Gender (Male vs. Female) 1.208 (0.477-3.062) >0.05 Age (<55 vs. ≥55 years) 0.682 (0.296-1.729) >0.05 Differentiation (Poor vs. Moderate+well) 7.236 (1.335-38.648) <0.05 14.059 (4.433-44.590) <0.05 Serosal invasion (No vs. Yes) 0.249 (0.068-0.907) <0.05 0.071 (0.022-0.226) <0.05 Lymph node metastasis (Yes vs. No) 4.555 (1.010-20.546) <0.05 6.168 (1.238-30.725) <0.05 TNM stage (Ⅲ+Ⅳ vs. Ⅰ+Ⅱ) 9.534 (1.186-71.115) <0.05 21.210 (3.810-164.331) <0.05 -
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