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腹膜癌新发病例的流行病学研究

杨锐, 苏延冬, 马茹, 安松林, 林育林, 李雁

杨锐, 苏延冬, 马茹, 安松林, 林育林, 李雁. 腹膜癌新发病例的流行病学研究[J]. 肿瘤防治研究, 2022, 49(11): 1190-1194. DOI: 10.3971/j.issn.1000-8578.2022.22.0270
引用本文: 杨锐, 苏延冬, 马茹, 安松林, 林育林, 李雁. 腹膜癌新发病例的流行病学研究[J]. 肿瘤防治研究, 2022, 49(11): 1190-1194. DOI: 10.3971/j.issn.1000-8578.2022.22.0270
YANG Rui, SU Yandong, MA Ru, AN Songlin, LIN Yulin, LI Yan. Epidemiological Study of New Cases of Peritoneal Metastases[J]. Cancer Research on Prevention and Treatment, 2022, 49(11): 1190-1194. DOI: 10.3971/j.issn.1000-8578.2022.22.0270
Citation: YANG Rui, SU Yandong, MA Ru, AN Songlin, LIN Yulin, LI Yan. Epidemiological Study of New Cases of Peritoneal Metastases[J]. Cancer Research on Prevention and Treatment, 2022, 49(11): 1190-1194. DOI: 10.3971/j.issn.1000-8578.2022.22.0270

腹膜癌新发病例的流行病学研究

基金项目: 

国家自然科学基金面上项目 82073376

详细信息
    作者简介:

    杨锐(1998-),男,硕士在读,住院医师,主要从事腹膜癌流行病学研究

    通讯作者:

    李雁(1965-),男,博士,主任医师,主要从事腹膜癌综合诊疗技术体系研究,E-mail: liyansd2@mail.ccmu.edu.cn

  • 中图分类号: R735.5

Epidemiological Study of New Cases of Peritoneal Metastases

Funding: 

General Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China 82073376

More Information
  • 摘要:

    腹膜癌是指在腹膜上发生和(或)发展的一类恶性肿瘤,包括原发性腹膜癌和继发性腹膜癌。既往认为腹膜癌是一种终末期疾病,无特殊治疗,患者生存期短,预后差。随着对腹膜癌认识的转变,肿瘤学界将其视为一种可治性区域癌转移,开创了以肿瘤细胞减灭术加腹腔热灌注化疗为核心的综合治疗技术体系,并以此建立了专业化腹膜癌诊疗中心,显著延长了患者生存,部分患者甚至能达到临床治愈。然而在中国,目前规范化腹膜癌诊疗中心少,但腹膜癌患者数量庞大,大部分患者得不到规范化治疗,导致生存和预后并不理想。本文旨在根据我国国家癌症中心发布的癌症新发病例统计数据,结合腹膜癌的临床预后资料,按照临床流行病学的研究方法,估算我国所需腹膜癌诊疗中心数,为推广我国腹膜癌规范化诊疗技术体系提供数据支撑,促进腹膜肿瘤学科发展。

     

    Abstract:

    Peritoneal metastases (PM) are defined as the primary or secondary occurrence/progression of malignant tumor in peritoneum. PM were previously thought to be a terminal disease without effective treatment, with short survival and poor prognosis. With the change in the understanding of PM, the oncology communities regard it as a curable regional cancer metastasis, and create a comprehensive treatment technology system with cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy as the core, and establish professional PM treatment centers based on this. The professional PM treatment centers have significantly prolonged the survival of patients, and some patients can even achieve clinical cure. However, in China, there are very few professional PM treatment centers, but the number of PM patients is huge, and most of the patients can't receive professional treatment, resulting in poor survival and prognosis. Based on the cancer statistics in 2015 published by China National Cancer Center Registry and clinical outcome literature on peritoneal metastasis, this paper uses clinical epidemiology methodology to calculate the number of newly diagnosed patients with peritoneal metastasis, to estimate the number of specialized peritoneal cancer centers required, to provide data support for the promotion of professional treatment technology system for PM in our country, and to boost the development of peritoneal oncology.

     

  • 鼻咽癌在我国华南地区发病率相对较高[1]。由于放疗技术的进步,鼻咽癌的局部控制率得到了明显提高,但仍有一部分初诊为Ⅲ~Ⅳ期的患者容易出现局部复发和远处转移。目前临床上常用的一线化疗方案,多以铂类联合5-氟脲嘧啶为基础[2]。紫杉类药物包括紫杉醇和多西他赛在局部晚期鼻咽癌诱导化疗、晚期鼻咽癌姑息治疗中的疗效得到证实[3-4]。然而,仍有相当部分的患者出现局部区域失败或一线化疗失败,从而成为难治性鼻咽癌。近年来文献报道,吉西他滨单药或者双药联合方案对转移性鼻咽癌有良好疗效[5]。5-氟尿嘧啶持续静脉滴注的不方便及5-氟尿嘧啶的口腔黏膜反应通常加重鼻咽癌放疗后患者的口腔反应,严重影响了患者接受化疗的依从性。而替吉奥(S-1)是近年来新型口服的氟尿嘧啶类药物,使用方便,且对鼻咽癌等各种实体肿瘤有一定疗效[6]。本研究探讨吉西他滨联合替吉奥方案治疗难治性转移性鼻咽癌的近期疗效、疾病进展时间(time to progression, TTP)、生存时间(overall survival, OS)、不良反应并进行生存分析,以及治疗期间淋巴细胞亚群的变化,评估其对免疫功能的影响。

    选择我院收治的难治性转移性鼻咽癌患者为研究对象。难治性鼻咽癌定义为:辅助治疗完成后12月内出现复发或转移;或解救治疗曾经有效,停药后12月内病情进展;或治疗过程中病情恶化,从未好转。

    入组标准:(1)经病理学或细胞学确诊的出现远处转移的难治性鼻咽癌;(2)有可评价病灶;(3)ECOG评分0~2,预计生存期≥3月;(4)年龄18~75岁;(5)肝功能、肾功能、血常规和心电图正常;(6)无脑转移及心功能不全,不同时合并第2种恶性肿瘤;(7)既往接受过紫杉类药物治疗者;(8)签署化疗知情同意书。

    本研究经我院伦理委员会批准执行,每位入组患者签署知情同意书。2012年3月1日—2014年12月31日,本院收治符合入组条件的难治性转移性鼻咽癌患者42例,其中男29例,女13例,年龄21~70岁,中位年龄47岁。WHO病理类型:Ⅰ型2例,Ⅱ型4例,Ⅲ型36例。所有病例均为Ⅳ期患者,仅肺转移10例,仅肝转移1例,仅骨转移12例,肝肺转移5例,肺骨转移7例,肝骨转移2例,肺、肝骨多发转移5例。入组前接受过以顺铂、5-氟尿嘧啶联合紫杉醇或多西他赛的多周期化疗,其中应用紫杉醇联合顺铂及5-氟尿嘧啶化疗12例,多西他赛联合顺铂及5-氟尿嘧啶化疗11例,紫杉醇联合顺铂11例,多西他赛联合顺铂8例。入组患者均完成2周期以上吉西他滨联合替吉奥方案的化疗。

    予以吉西他滨(健择,法国礼来公司生产,批号C644804A),剂量为1 g/m2,溶于100 ml 0.9%氯化钠溶液中,d1、d8静脉滴注30 min,S-1(替吉奥胶囊,山东鲁南制药集团山东新时代药业有限公司,批号:023121210)40 mg/m2,口服,2次/天,d1~14;21天为1周期。化疗前常规应用昂丹司琼等止吐以及对症支持治疗等。化疗后根据患者血常规情况选择性予以重组人粒细胞集落刺激因子(granulocyte colony stimulating factor, G-CSF)预防粒细胞下降及升白治疗。2周期后评价疗效。有效者化疗 > 4周期。化疗期间动态监测血常规,2次/周;复查肝肾功能电解质,1次/周。每化疗2周期后根据影像学(CT/MRI)诊断结果评价疗效。

    分别于化疗前、第2周期化疗结束后第7天时,静脉抽取入组患者抗凝血2 ml,利用流式细胞仪检测T细胞亚群。同期检测25例健康志愿者外周血T细胞亚群。T细胞亚群检测由专人负责,流式抗体购自美国BD公司,仪器是美国BD公司的Cantoll流式细胞仪。T细胞亚群操作步骤为:取100 μl全血加入20 μl抗体,混匀室温避光孵育20 min,加入2 ml流式细胞专用红细胞裂解液,避光5~10 min,1 500 r/min离心5 min,弃上清液,洗涤2次,加PBS 0.5 ml混匀上机,在CD45/SSC散点图中圈出淋巴细胞,计数10 000个淋巴细胞各亚群百分率。

    疗效评价按RECIST 1.1标准[7]评定,分为完全缓解(complete response, CR)、部分缓解(partial response, PR)、稳定(stable disease, SD)、进展(progressive disease, PD),以CR+PR率为有效率(response rate, RR),以CR+PR+SD率为疾病控制率(disease control rate, DCR)。不良反应按NCI-CTCAE 4.0标准评定,分为1~4级。

    应用SPSS21.0统计软件进行分析。随访时间从化疗结束开始到死亡、失访或随访结束。疾病进展时间为本研究开始治疗至出现疾病进展的时间。中位生存时间为治疗开始至死亡的时间。计数资料采用卡方检验,计量资料采用t检验,生存率按Kaplan-Meier法计算,描绘生存曲线,并进行对数秩检验(Log rank test)。多因素生存分析采用向前逐步回归的Cox比例风险回归模型,P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

    42例患者均完成治疗,平均每例治疗2~6周期,中位4.5周期。其中CR 1例,PR 21例,SD 12例,PD 8例,RR(CR+PR)为52.4%(22/42),疾病控制率DCR(CR+PR+SD)为81.0%(34/42)。

    中位随访时间为16.2月(2.5~34月),中位疾病进展时间为6.8月(95%CI: 6.71~8.43月),见图 1A,中位生存时间为14.6月(95%CI: 12.45~15.90月),见图 1B

    图  1  42例难治性鼻咽癌患者疾病进展时间(A)和总生存时间(B)生存曲线
    Figure  1  Kaplan-Meier curves of time to progression(A) and overall survival(B) of 42 refractory nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients

    主要血液学毒性为白细胞减少,42例中,有5例(11.9%)出现3级白细胞减少,1例(2.4%)出现4级白细胞减少,3例(7.1%)出现3级贫血,3例(7.1%)出现3级血小板减少,1例(2.4%)出现4级血小板减少,于再次化疗前预防使用重组人血小板生成素(TPO)。

    主要非血液学毒性为恶心(50.0%)、呕吐(42.8 %),未发现3、4级患者。10例(23.8%)出现药物性皮疹,应用抗过敏药物后缓解。其他不良反应轻,如肝肾功能异常、腹泻、乏力、手足综合征等,无治疗相关死亡事件发生,见表 1

    表  1  吉西他滨联合替吉奥治疗42例难治性鼻咽癌患者的主要不良反应(n(%))
    Table  1  Major adverse events of gemcitabine plus S-1 on 42 refractory nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients (n(%))
    下载: 导出CSV 
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    42例难治性转移性鼻咽癌患者外周血CD3+、CD3+CD4+细胞比例明显低于健康志愿者。CD3+CD8+、CD19+、CD16+CD56+与健康志愿者相比差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05),CD4+/CD8+细胞比值明显低于健康志愿者,见表 2

    表  2  鼻咽癌组和健康志愿者组T细胞亚群检测结果(x±s, %)
    Table  2  T lymphocyte subsets of refractory nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients and health volunteers (x±s, %)
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    42例患者经吉西他滨联合替吉奥化疗2周期后,CR 1例,PR 21例,SD 12例,PD 8例。将进展(PD)组与有效(RR)组患者化疗后外周血T淋巴细胞进行比较,结果显示:RR组患者化疗后CD3+、CD3+CD4+、CD4+/CD8+均升高,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05);PD组患者化疗后CD3+、CD3+CD4+、CD3+CD8+、CD19+、CD16+CD56+、CD4+/CD8+与化疗前相比,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05),见表 3

    表  3  疾病进展组与有效组患者T细胞亚群检测结果(x±s, %)
    Table  3  T lymphocyte subsets in PD group and PR group (x±s, %)
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    采用Kaplan-Meier法进行单因素生存分析,结果显示性别、近期疗效、转移器官数目、是否肝转移与难治性转移性鼻咽癌患者预后相关(P < 0.05);而年龄、病理类型、T分期、N分期对难治性转移性鼻咽癌预后无显著性影响(P > 0.05),见表 4

    表  4  42例难治性鼻咽癌患者单因素生存分析结果
    Table  4  Univariate model analysis of overall survival of 42 refractory nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients
    下载: 导出CSV 
    | 显示表格

    将上述单因素分析中有统计学意义的四个变量:性别、近期疗效、转移器官数目、是否肝转移纳入多因素向前逐步回归的Cox模型分析,结果表明是否肝转移是影响预后的危险因素,见表 5

    表  5  42例难治性鼻咽癌患者多因素分析结果
    Table  5  Multivariable model analysis of overall survival of 42 refractory nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients
    下载: 导出CSV 
    | 显示表格

    2.7肝转移与否近期疗效的比较

    以是否合并肝转移分为肝转移组和无肝转移组,肝转移组平均治疗3.6周期,无肝转移组平均治疗5.2周期。肝转移组13例患者中CR 0例,PR 3例,SD 4例,PD 6例,RR为23.1%(3/13),DCR为53.8%(7/13)。无肝转移组29例患者中CR 1例,PR 18例,SD 8例,PD 2例,RR为65.5%(19/29),DCR为93.1%(27/29)。两组客观近期疗效比较,无肝转移组明显好于肝转移组(Z=-2.863, P=0.004)。

    对于出现远处转移的鼻咽癌而言,目前没有标准的化疗方案,且经过放化疗后的鼻咽癌患者体质相对较差,口腔情况欠佳,因此,选择高效低毒的化疗方案显得尤为重要。一项采用吉西他滨联合顺铂治疗局部复发或转移性鼻咽癌的Ⅱ期临床研究中发现,有效率达73%,1年生存率62%。亚组分析发现,有效率与是否曾经使用过顺铂化疗无关[8]。另一项吉西他滨联合顺铂治疗复发或转移性鼻咽癌的随机对照多中心的Ⅲ期临床研究发现,吉西他滨联合顺铂方案的PFS为7.0月,比5-Fu联合顺铂方案延长1.4月[9]。一项多中心回顾性分析发现,替吉奥单药治疗局部复发与转移性鼻咽癌安全有效[10]。目前对于紫杉类药物治疗失败后的难治性鼻咽癌治疗方案不明确。胡少轩等应用吉西他滨联合长春瑞滨治疗晚期鼻咽癌,有效率为36%,PFS为5.6月,OS为11.9月[11]。而另一项研究报道[12],应用卡培他滨联合奈达铂治疗晚期鼻咽癌,有效率为41.7%,TTP为5.8月,OS为12.4月。本研究中吉西他滨联合替吉奥化疗方案取得了良好效果,有效率为52.4%,中位TTP为6.8月,中位OS为14.6月,但是吉西他滨联合替吉奥化疗方案是否优于其他化疗方案,还有待后续研究。在不良反应方面,主要包括恶心、呕吐、白细胞减少、血小板下降、贫血、皮疹等,大多为1~2级,无治疗相关死亡发生,提示该方案没有降低患者生活质量,这种治疗模式是安全可行的。

    人体免疫功能低下容易促进恶性肿瘤出现复发及远处转移。晚期癌症患者自身免疫调节机制紊乱,主要表现是细胞免疫功能抑制[13]。外周血T细胞亚群可以一定程度上代表机体细胞免疫状态。CD3+CD4+T细胞为辅助性T细胞,CD3+CD8+T细胞为抑制性T细胞,CD3+CD8+和CD3+CD4+之间应当处于动态平衡,CD4+/CD8+的下降意味着免疫抑制状态[14-16]。本研究通过检测42例难治性转移性鼻咽癌患者的外周血T细胞亚群情况,并与健康志愿者对比,发现难治性转移性鼻咽癌患者的CD3+、CD3+CD4+T细胞的百分比例低于健康志愿者,CD4+/CD8+也低于健康志愿者,说明难治性转移性鼻咽癌患者处于免疫功能抑制状态,为鼻咽癌的进一步发展及转移提供了可能,这与聂明等[17]研究报道一致。

    本研究通过检测难治性转移性鼻咽癌患者化疗前与接受2周期吉西他滨联合替吉奥方案化疗后的外周血T细胞亚群,探讨外周血T细胞亚群变化与近期疗效评价的相互关系。结果表明,与进展(PD)组患者比较,有效(PR)组患者化疗后CD3+、CD3+CD4+细胞升高,CD3+CD8 +细胞无明显变化,CD4+/CD8+升高。结果提示有效的化疗对机体免疫功能有所提高,激活免疫应答。燕翔等[18]检测晚期肺腺癌患者一线化疗后外周血T细胞淋巴亚群的结果发现,部分缓解患者较早期疾病进展患者的第4天及第7~10天CD3+CD4+细胞升高,第4天CD3+CD8+、CD8+CD28-细胞降低,提示一线化疗后第4天免疫功能得到一定程度恢复。徐红等[19]检测104例消化道肿瘤患者化疗前后外周血T细胞亚群,结果发现化疗有效组化疗3周后外周血CD4+/CD8+的比值上升,而化疗无效组化疗3周后外周血的CD4+/CD8+比值下降。这些研究提示化疗有效可以减少肿瘤负荷,可不同程度地改善患者的免疫功能,而化疗无效组未出现相应免疫功能的改善。但临床应用中患者免疫功能的影响因素很多,本研究中病例数偏少,统计结果存在一定偏差,且化疗对机体免疫功能的改变与预后是否有明确关系,需要扩大样本量进一步证实。

    对本组难治性转移性鼻咽癌患者进行生存分析,单因素分析结果表明性别、近期疗效、转移器官数目、是否肝转移与患者预后相关,是否出现肝转移是影响预后的独立危险因素。肝脏血供丰富,一旦出现肝转移时,更容易同时出现其他脏器的广泛转移,因此预后也相对较差。这与汪琛等[20]研究报道一致。本研究应用吉西他滨联合替吉奥方案治疗难治性转移性鼻咽癌,结果发现无肝转移患者有效率65.5%,肝转移患者有效率仅为23.1%,提示吉西他滨联合替吉奥方案对无肝转移患者疗效更好。唐溢聪等[21]研究发现鼻咽癌肝转移患者化疗疗程数 > 4周期与≤4周期患者相比较,前者能从多程化疗中获益。本研究肝转移组平均治疗3.6周期,无肝转移组平均治疗5.2周期。因此,由于肝转移患者化疗耐受性差,从而导致有效率不佳。总之,鼻咽癌肝转移患者预后差,对于合并肝转移的患者,应采取个体化综合治疗策略,合理应用全身与局部治疗手段,以延长患者生存期,改善生活质量。

    本研究表明吉西他滨联合替吉奥治疗难治性转移性鼻咽癌患者的有效性和安全性较好。该联合化疗方案取得了良好的客观有效率及疾病控制率,延缓疾病进展,且3~4级不良反应少、安全性高、临床应用方便,更适合于晚期鼻咽癌患者口腔情况欠佳、体质差等特点,值得临床进一步推广应用。本研究还探讨了外周血T细胞亚群变化与近期疗效评价的相互关系,结果提示有效的化疗对机体免疫功能有所恢复,有利于激活免疫应答。同时通过生存分析,发现是否出现肝转移是影响预后的独立危险因素。

    Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
    作者贡献:
    杨锐:文献检索、文章撰写
    苏延冬、马茹:文章修改
    安松林、林育林:文献检索
    李雁:文章构思、文章修改
  • 表  1   我国2015年新发癌症病例数、PM年新发例数及需规范化PM诊疗中心数

    Table  1   New cancer cases in 2015, annual number of new PM cases and professional peritoneal treatment centers needed in China

    下载: 导出CSV
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  • 收稿日期:  2022-03-17
  • 修回日期:  2022-05-28
  • 网络出版日期:  2024-01-12
  • 刊出日期:  2022-11-24

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