Abstract: Tumor necrosis factor superfamily member 15 (TNFSF15), a cytokine produced largely by vascular endothelial cells, is involved in various activities of physiological and pathological processes via regulating VEGF/VEGFR signal pathways. For example, it specifically inhibits the proliferation of vascular endothelial cells, promotes the maturation of dendritic cells, promotes the proliferation and migration of lymphatic endothelial cells, prevents vascular leakage, inhibits angiogenesis and so on. Clinical data show that high expression of TNFSF15 caused by mutations in the TNFSF15 promoter region increases the risk of a variety of tumors. In addition, it is worth noting that TNFSF15 has the opposite effect on angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. This paper briefly reviews the different biological effects of TNFSF15 on tumor vascular system.