高级搜索

HPV16-E6上调MIF对宫颈癌细胞增殖和凋亡的影响

葛彩云, 蔡红兵, 宋紫烨, 李蓁, 徐梦菲

葛彩云, 蔡红兵, 宋紫烨, 李蓁, 徐梦菲. HPV16-E6上调MIF对宫颈癌细胞增殖和凋亡的影响[J]. 肿瘤防治研究, 2018, 45(7): 468-474. DOI: 10.3971/j.issn.1000-8578.2018.17.1406
引用本文: 葛彩云, 蔡红兵, 宋紫烨, 李蓁, 徐梦菲. HPV16-E6上调MIF对宫颈癌细胞增殖和凋亡的影响[J]. 肿瘤防治研究, 2018, 45(7): 468-474. DOI: 10.3971/j.issn.1000-8578.2018.17.1406
GE Caiyun, CAI Hongbing, SONG Ziye, LI Zhen, XU Mengfei. HPV16-E6 Influences Growth and Apoptosis of Cervical Cancer Cells Through Up-regulation of MIF[J]. Cancer Research on Prevention and Treatment, 2018, 45(7): 468-474. DOI: 10.3971/j.issn.1000-8578.2018.17.1406
Citation: GE Caiyun, CAI Hongbing, SONG Ziye, LI Zhen, XU Mengfei. HPV16-E6 Influences Growth and Apoptosis of Cervical Cancer Cells Through Up-regulation of MIF[J]. Cancer Research on Prevention and Treatment, 2018, 45(7): 468-474. DOI: 10.3971/j.issn.1000-8578.2018.17.1406

HPV16-E6上调MIF对宫颈癌细胞增殖和凋亡的影响

基金项目: 

国家自然科学基金面上项目 81272866

详细信息
    作者简介:

    葛彩云(1993-),女,硕士,主要从事妇科肿瘤的临床研究

    通讯作者:

    蔡红兵,E-mail: chb2105@163.com

    李蓁:E-mail: 15871404818@qq.com

  • 中图分类号: R737.33

HPV16-E6 Influences Growth and Apoptosis of Cervical Cancer Cells Through Up-regulation of MIF

More Information
  • 摘要:
    目的 

    检测人乳头瘤病毒16型的致癌基因E6(HPV16-E6)通过巨噬细胞移动抑制因子(MIF)对宫颈癌细胞增殖和凋亡的影响。

    方法 

    用HPV16-E6过表达和干扰质粒转染能分泌MIF的人宫颈癌细胞C33A、SiHa和Caski。Western blot和荧光定量PCR法检测MIF蛋白和mRNA表达,并用ELISA法检测培养上清液中MIF蛋白量;将转染后的宫颈癌细胞与人巨噬细胞非接触性共培养,检测巨噬细胞中MIF表达;C33A转染HPV16-E6后加或不加MIF抑制剂,CCK-8法和流式细胞术检测细胞增殖、周期和凋亡情况;采用Pearson相关分析法分析HPV16-E6和MIF间的关系、Kaplan-Meier分析HPV16-E6对患者生存率的影响。

    结果 

    癌细胞、上清液和巨噬细胞中MIF表达随HPV16-E6表达而上调(P < 0.05);HPV16-E6过表达可诱导C33A细胞增殖、减少G0/G1期细胞和抑制细胞凋亡;抑制MIF后,细胞增殖率下降、凋亡率增加(P < 0.05);HPV16-E6表达与MIF正相关(P < 0.05),Kaplan-Meier分析显示HPV16-E6表达与患者总生存率和无进展生存率有关(P < 0.05)。

    结论 

    HPV16-E6可诱导宫颈癌细胞及其微环境中巨噬细胞MIF表达,并可通过MIF诱导宫颈癌细胞增殖和抑制细胞凋亡而影响宫颈癌的预后。

     

    Abstract:
    Objective 

    To investigate the effect of human papillomavirus oncogene E6(HPV16-E6) on the growth and apoptosis of cervical cancer cells via macrophage migration inhibitory factor(MIF).

    Methods 

    Cervical cancer cells C33A, SiHa and Caski which could secrete MIF were transfected with HPV16-E6 overexpression vector or shRNA; Western blot, qRT-PCR and ELISA were used to examine MIF protein and mRNA expression and its supernatant. The cells above were co-cultured with human macrophages, and then we detected the expression of MIF in macrophages. MIF inhibitor was added or not in C33A group which was transfected with HPV16-E6; the cell proliferation, cell cycle and apoptosis were detected by CCK-8 method and flow cytometry. The association of HPV16-E6 expression with MIF and survival were analyzed using Pearson and Kaplan-Meier methods.

    Results 

    The expression of MIF in cervical cancer cells, supernatant and macrophages were increased or decreased by up-regulation or down-regulation of HPV16-E6 expression(P < 0.05). HPV16-E6 over-expression could induce C33A cells proliferation, shorten G0/G1 phase and inhibit cell apoptosis, and these effects were reversed using MIF inhibitor(P < 0.05). There was positive correlation between HPV16-E6 expression and MIF in cervical cancer tissues(P < 0.05). Survival analysis suggested the expression of HPV16-E6 in cervical cancer tissues had a significant relationship with overall survival rate and progression-free survival rate(P < 0.05).

    Conclusion 

    HPV16-E6 could induce the expression of MIF in cervical cancer cells and macrophages, promote the growth and inhibit the apoptosis of cervical cancer cells through up-regulation of MIF.

     

  • 宫颈小细胞神经内分泌癌(small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma, SCNEC)是一种较为罕见的原发于宫颈的神经内分泌性肿瘤,约占宫颈恶性肿瘤的1%~2%[1-2]。在各种类型的宫颈癌中,SCNEC是一种侵袭性强的病理类型[3-8]。但因为该类病例较少,目前尚无规范化的治疗。本研究对101例宫颈小细胞神经内分泌癌患者的临床病理资料及生存状况进行分析,旨在探讨SCNEC合理的治疗方案及预后相关因素,为此类患者治疗及预后判断提供临床依据。

    收集2007年1月—2018年6月在江西省妇幼保健院确诊并完成治疗的101例宫颈小细胞神经内分泌癌患者作为研究对象。患者确诊年龄25~73岁,中位年龄44岁,其中41~50岁者有40例。宫颈局部肿瘤直径 > 4 cm患者34例,≤4 cm患者67例。患者临床资料及年龄分布见表 1。所有患者均知情同意。

    表  1  101例SCNEC患者临床病理特征
    Table  1  Clinical and pathological features of 101 SCNEC patients
    下载: 导出CSV 
    | 显示表格

    (1)所有患者接受治疗前均经江西省妇幼保健院病理确诊为宫颈小细胞神经内分泌癌;(2)临床分期盆腔检查均经三位以上有经验的妇科肿瘤专业医师检查确定;(3)治疗前均未接受任何干预性治疗,且初始治疗及后续治疗均在同一机构完成;(4)纳入研究的患者治疗模式均为手术+术后补充放化疗(下文简称手术治疗组)或根治性放化疗,且按计划完成全部治疗;(5)全部患者术后病理检查均在同一医院完成;(6)建立了完整的病历档案,并持续随访,具备完整的住院及门诊复查病历资料。

    72例手术治疗患者手术方式为广泛子宫切除+盆腔淋巴结切除术±腹主动脉旁淋巴结切除术,其中47例行腹主动脉旁淋巴结切除术。69例行双附件切除,其余3例保留一侧卵巢且进行了保留卵巢的组织活检。

    放疗包括体外照射+腔内后装治疗,体外照射采用全盆腔体外照射+中央遮盖体外照射。体外照射剂量:全盆照射肿瘤剂量30~40 Gy,中央遮盖照射剂量15~25 Gy,放疗频率及强度:每周5次,每次分割剂量2 Gy。腔内后装采用高剂量率后装治疗设备,放射源为铱192。放疗剂量参照点A点累积剂量要求60~70 Gy;B点累积剂量要求54~56 Gy。放疗期间均给予铂类为基础的同步化疗。

    通过电话或门诊复查方式进行随访,截止时间为2018年9月。

    采用GraphPad7.0统计软件对不同组间患者生存率进行显著性比较。生存分析采用Kaplan-Meier法,生存率的比较采用Log rank检验。P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

    72例手术组患者中,2例失访,19例死亡,51例生存。19例死亡患者生存时间1~63月,中位生存时间19月,平均生存时间18.5月。51例生存的患者中,生存时间1~139月,中位生存时间39月,平均生存时间47.3月。随访5年以上共33例,生存20例,五年生存率60.6%。

    29例根治性放化疗患者中,随访5年以上20例,其中2例失访,死亡15例,生存3例,五年生存率15%。生存时间1~75月,中位生存时间21月。3例生存患者年龄分别为40岁、41岁、46岁,临床分期均为ⅡB期,病理均为单纯的宫颈小细胞神经内分泌癌,化疗方案均为多西他赛+卡铂,放疗给予根治性同步放化疗。ⅠB1期~ⅡA期手术治疗组患者生存率优于ⅡB期~Ⅳ期期根治性放化疗组患者(P=0.0025),见图 1

    图  1  手术组与放化疗组患者生存曲线图
    Figure  1  Survival curves of Surgery and CCRT groups

    72例接受手术治疗的患者均行宫颈癌根治术+盆腔淋巴结切除术,47例行腹主动脉旁淋巴结切除术,其中1例(1/47, 2.12%)腹主动脉旁淋巴结阳性。27例(27/72, 37.5%)盆腔淋巴结阳性。淋巴结阳性与阴性患者生存曲线比较差异有统计学意义,淋巴结阴性患者生存优于淋巴结阳性患者(P=0.0004),见图 2

    图  2  盆腔淋巴结阳性和阴性手术患者生存曲线
    Figure  2  Survival curves of surgical SCNEC patients with pelvic lymph node positive and negative

    72例手术治疗的患者中,按病理类型分,单纯SCNEC例41例,混合其他病理类型者31例,其中混合有腺癌19例,鳞癌9例,腺鳞癌3例。混合型与单纯型SCNEC生存曲线比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.0546),见图 3

    图  3  单纯型与混合型SCNEC生存曲线
    Figure  3  Survival curves of pure and mixed type SCNEC patients

    WHO分类将宫颈神经内分泌肿瘤分为低级别神经内分泌肿瘤(包括类癌及非典型类癌)和高级别神经内分泌肿瘤(包括小细胞神经内分泌癌和大细胞神经内分泌癌)。目前无公认的、规范有效的治疗方案,对于宫颈神经内分泌肿瘤多参照常见宫颈癌的分期治疗原则,主张手术、化疗和放疗的综合性治疗,但其治疗是否应有别于宫颈鳞癌需要更大样本、多中心的研究。美国国立综合癌症网络(National Comprehensive Cancer Network, NCCN)指南也将SCNEC列入特殊类型宫颈癌。

    关于SCNEC患者生存率及预后方面的研究,Ishikawa等的一项多中心研究显示淋巴血管间隙受侵是患者的总生存率及无进展生存率的重要预后因素,盆腔淋巴结转移是DFS的重要预后影响因素[9]。Cohen等研究发现Ⅰ~ⅡA、ⅡB~ⅣA、ⅣB期5年生存率分别为36.8%、9.8%和0[10],本研究结果显示临床分期与预后密切相关,各期别5年生存率均较以往文献报道略高。FIGO分期是较为公认的影响患者预后的最重要的独立危险因素[11-12]。由于SCNEC侵袭性强,易发生远处转移,有学者认为早期SCNEC患者手术联合化疗的预后优于单纯手术者[13-14]。本研究中ⅠB~ⅡA期患者均采用手术+放化疗综合治疗,5年总生存率60%以上,提示手术联合术后放化疗对此类患者疗效较好。

    宫颈小细胞神经内分泌癌早期容易发生转移,但从72例早期患者手术情况发现,仅1例(1.39%)发生卵巢转移。提示对于存在生育要求的年轻SCNEC患者,是否一定要行卵巢切除有待进一步研究证实。研究证实,SCNEC好发转移器官为肺、脑、肝,预后差[15-16]

    此外,几乎所有文献均支持此类肿瘤早期即容易发生远处转移,本研究资料中,死亡病例主要病因为肺转移、全身转移,临床观察也支持上述观点。关于淋巴结转移,有研究认为,即使是早期的SCNEC患者,淋巴结转移也非常普遍,淋巴结转移率为41.6%~57%[17]。本研究中,72例早期SCNEC患者手术后病理提示淋巴结转移22例,转移率37.5%,与文献报道接近,但是对于腹主动脉旁淋巴结,72例患者中47例患者行腹主动脉旁淋巴结活检或切除,仅1例发生腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移,转移率仅为2.13%,远低于盆腔淋巴结转移率。这一研究结果提示我们,即便是早期SCNEC患者,化疗对于控制转移也有重要的临床意义。

    与以往报道相比,本研究中手术患者术后均补充了放化疗,且均达到6个疗程,其中49例采用紫杉醇+铂类化疗方案,23例采用顺铂+环磷酰胺+表阿霉素化疗方案,提示手术后放化疗的必要性。

    总之,宫颈小细胞神经内分泌癌发病率低、恶性程度高、易发生远处转移和复发,患者预后差、死亡率高、有独特的病理特征,诊断主要依据病理诊断和免疫组织化学结果可提高其诊断的准确率。由于研究样本少,尚需大量的临床资料及多中心研究探索最佳早期诊断及治疗的方法。

  • 图  1   HPV16-E6过表达或干扰后E6 mRNA丰度比较

    Figure  1   Relative HPV16-E6 mRNA expression in transfected cells

    图  2   转染HPV16-E6过表达或干扰质粒后MIF的表达

    Figure  2   MIF expression after the change of HPV16-E6 expression

    图  3   HPV16-E6过表达或干扰后细胞上清液中MIF蛋白丰度比较

    Figure  3   MIF expression in the supernatant of cervical cancer cells

    图  4   宫颈癌细胞与巨噬细胞共培养后巨噬细胞MIF的表达

    Figure  4   MIF expression in macrophages co-cultured with cervical cancer cells

    图  5   各组C33A细胞凋亡情况

    Figure  5   Apoptosis of C33A cells apoptosis apoptosis in each group

    图  6   HPV16-E6和MIF在宫颈癌组织中的表达

    Figure  6   Expression of HPV16-E6 and MIF in cervical cancer tissues

    图  7   HPV16-E6的表达与宫颈癌患者总生存时间和无进展生存时间的关系

    Figure  7   Relationship between HPV16-E6 expression and overall survival, progression-free survival time of cervical cancer patients

    表  1   各组C33A细胞周期分布情况

    Table  1   C33A cell cycle in each group

    下载: 导出CSV

    表  2   HPV16-E6蛋白表达与宫颈癌患者临床病理特征的关系

    Table  2   Relationship between HPV16-E6 expression and clinicopathological features of cervical cancer patients

    下载: 导出CSV
  • [1]

    Chen J. Signaling pathways in HPV-associated cancers and therapeutic implications[J]. Rev Med Virol, 2015, 25(Suppl 1): 24-53. http://cn.bing.com/academic/profile?id=3c78bb0ad7c22d89f52dbdf12c929d3e&encoded=0&v=paper_preview&mkt=zh-cn

    [2]

    Ramakrishnan S, Partricia S, Mathan G. Overview of high-risk HPV' s 16 and 18 infected cervical cancer: Pathogenesis to prevention[J]. Biomed Pharmacother, 2015, 70: 103-10. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2014.12.041

    [3]

    Zivadinović R, Petrić A, Lilić G, et al. Persistent human papillomavirus infection in the etiology of cervical carcinoma: the role of immunological, genetic, viral and cellular factors [J]. Srp Arh Celok Lek, 2014, 142(5-6): 378-83. doi: 10.2298/SARH1406378Z

    [4]

    Choudhary S, Hegde P, Pruitt JR, et al. Macrophage migratory inhibitory factor promotes bladder cancer progression via increasing proliferation and angiogenesis[J]. Carcinogenesis, 2013, 34(12): 2891-9. doi: 10.1093/carcin/bgt239

    [5]

    Verjans E, Noetzel E, Bektas N, et al. Dual role of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in human breast cancer[J]. BMC Cancer, 2009, 9: 230. doi: 10.1186/1471-2407-9-230

    [6]

    Calandra T, Roger T. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor: a regulator of innate immunity[J]. Nat Rev Immunol, 2003, 3(10): 791-800. doi: 10.1038/nri1200

    [7]

    Xu Y, Wang L, Bai R, et al. Silver nanoparticles impede phorbol myristate acetate-induced monocyte-macrophage differentiation and autophagy[J]. Nanoscale, 2015, 7(38): 16100-9. doi: 10.1039/C5NR04200C

    [8]

    Osako M, Itsumi M, Yamaguchi H, et al. A20 restores phorbol ester-induced differentiation of THP-1 cells in the absence of nuclear factor-κB activation[J]. J Cell Biochem, 2017, [Epub ahead of print].

    [9]

    Choi HS, Lee EM, Han SY, et al. Macrophages and PMA-stimulated macrophage-like cells express the erythroid cell-lineage adhesion molecule, ICAM-4: Implications for generation of erythrocytes in vitro[J]. Cytotherapy, 2017, 9(10): 1248-50. http://cn.bing.com/academic/profile?id=d1a4dec6c20db4fcbc27627dada7aa00&encoded=0&v=paper_preview&mkt=zh-cn

    [10]

    Pilch H, Günzel S, Schäffer U, et al. The presence of HPV DNA in cervical cancer: Correlation with clinico-pathologic parameters and prognostic significance: 10 years experience at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the Mainz University[J]. Int J Gynecol Cancer, 2010, 11(1): 39-48. http://cn.bing.com/academic/profile?id=524f3c2301f9762c634fbb4011dd8d0a&encoded=0&v=paper_preview&mkt=zh-cn

    [11]

    Krockenberger M, Engel JB, Kolb J, et al. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor expression in cervical cancer[J]. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol, 2010, 136(5): 651-7. doi: 10.1007/s00432-009-0702-5

    [12]

    Chang KP, Lin SJ, Liu SC, et al. Low-molecular-mass secretome profiling identifies HMGA2 and MIF as prognostic biomarkers for oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma[J]. Sci Rep, 2015, 5: 11689. doi: 10.1038/srep11689

    [13]

    Nobre CC, de Araújo JM, Fernandes TA, et al. Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF): Biological Activities and Relation with Cancer[J]. Pathol Oncol Res, 2017, 23(2): 235-44. doi: 10.1007/s12253-016-0138-6

    [14] 李雯, 何勉, 曾建芳, 等.宫颈鳞状细胞癌巨噬细胞移动抑制因子血管内皮生长因子和p16蛋白表达与临床病理的关系[J].中华肿瘤杂志, 2008, 30(7): 511-4. [ http://www.cqvip.com/QK/93685X/200807/27776792.html

    Li W, He M, Zeng JF, et al. Expression of MIF, VEGF and p16 proteins and their correlation with clinicopathological features in cervical cancer[J]. Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi, 2008, 30(7): 511-4.] http://www.cqvip.com/QK/93685X/200807/27776792.html

    [15]

    Richard V, Kindt N, Decaestecker C, et al. Involvement of macrophage migration inhibitory factor and its receptor (CD74) in human breast cancer[J]. Oncolo Rep, 2014, 32(2): 523-9. doi: 10.3892/or.2014.3272

    [16]

    Yaddanapudi K, Rendon BE, Lamont G, et al. MIF is necessary for late-stage melanoma patient MDSC immune suppression and differentiation[J]. Cancer Immunol Res, 2015, 4(2): 101-12. http://cn.bing.com/academic/profile?id=c300af57de4703e14b2e31611cab970b&encoded=0&v=paper_preview&mkt=zh-cn

    [17]

    Chesney JA, Mitchell RA. 25 Years On: A Retrospective on Migration Inhibitory Factor in Tumor Angiogenesis[J]. Mol Med, 2015, 21(Suppl 1): S19-24. http://cn.bing.com/academic/profile?id=859abc983eaa749f91ba6287c63a586b&encoded=0&v=paper_preview&mkt=zh-cn

    [18]

    Guo P, Wang J, Liu J, et al. Macrophage immigration inhibitory factor promotes cell proliferation and inhibits apoptosis of cervical adenocarcinoma[J]. Tumor Biol, 2015, 36(7): 5095-102. doi: 10.1007/s13277-015-3161-4

    [19]

    Song SH, Lee JK, Seok OS, et al. The relationship between cytokines and HPV-16, HPV-16 E6, E7, and high-risk HPV viral load in the uterine cervix[J]. Gynecol Oncol, 2007, 104(3): 732-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2006.10.054

    [20]

    Zhang E, Feng X, Liu F, et al. Roles of PI3K/Akt and c-Jun signaling pathways in human papillomavirus type 16 oncoprotein-induced HIF-1α, VEGF, and IL-8 expression and in vitro angiogenesis in non-small cell lung cancer cells[J]. PLoS One, 2014, 9(7): e103440. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103440

    [21]

    Torres-Poveda K, Bahena-Román M, Madrid-González C, et al. Role of IL-10 and TGF-β1 in local immunosuppression in HPV-associated cervical neoplasia[J]. World J Clin Oncol, 2014, 5(4): 753-63. doi: 10.5306/wjco.v5.i4.753

    [22]

    Kasama T, Ohtsuka K, Sato M. Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor: A Multifunctional Cytokine in Rheumatic Diseases[J]. Arthritis, 2010, 2010: 106202. http://cn.bing.com/academic/profile?id=adefcfb6f7ba5d10ed858649572ab173&encoded=0&v=paper_preview&mkt=zh-cn

    [23]

    Gupta Y, Pasupuleti V, Du W, et al. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor secretion is induced by ionizing radiation and oxidative stress in cancer cells[J]. PLoS One, 2016, 11(1):e0146482. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146482

图(7)  /  表(2)
计量
  • 文章访问数:  1657
  • HTML全文浏览量:  338
  • PDF下载量:  322
  • 被引次数: 0
出版历程
  • 收稿日期:  2017-11-06
  • 修回日期:  2018-02-03
  • 网络出版日期:  2024-01-12
  • 刊出日期:  2018-07-24

目录

/

返回文章
返回
x 关闭 永久关闭