Abstract: Objective 　To explore the safety and feasibility of neoadjuvant chemotherapy on low2set rectal cancer patient s in stage Ⅲreceiving total mesorectal excision. Methods 　One hundred and twenty2nine ca2 ses of low2set rectal cancer patient s in stage Ⅲt reated with total mesorectal excision ( TME) f rom J anuary 2002 to December 2006 in Xinjiang Traditional Chinese medicine Hospital which were reviewed ret rospec2 tively. According to the cure method, the patient s were divided into group A (65 cases, cont rol group without neoadjuvant chemotherapy) and group B ( 64 cases, preoperative neoadjuvant chemotherapy group) . Life2table law compares the difference of survival rate of 1, 3, 5 years of two group s, Kaplan2 Meier law compares the cumulate survival time, mean and medians time between two groups (α= 0. 05) . Results 　The 1 、3 、5 survival rate of post2operation was 90 %、81 %、33 % in A group ; 93 %、84 %、42 % in B group respectively. The average survival time of the two group s is 39. 5 (A group), 46. 1 (B group ) months respectively ;and the median survival time of the two group s was 41. 4, 47. 2 months respectively. There was significant difference between them( P < 0. 05) . Conclusion 　Neoadjuvant chemotherapy plus surgery has ascendancy compared with Operation directly as influenced on the survival time in resectable low2set rectal cancer patient s in stage Ⅲ, Neoadjuvant chemotherapy dose not increase the difficulty of operation in some degree, and it is still safe and feasible in patient s with low2set rectal cancer patient s in stage Ⅲ.